Sociology- Marxism - 1579 Words

‘Social Order exists because people are afraid to disobey the rules of society.’ Explain and assess this claim. [25] Social order is the rules and regulations that are in place to steer human behaviour. It is the tool that prevents continuous conflict, violence and instability. A society that has succeeded in creating social order is one in which each member of society has the ability to live, to a degree, a stable life. There are two ways in which the States enforce social order: informal and formal social control. Informal control is the process of socialization from a young age. It is based on learning what is acceptable and what isn’t from those around you. Functionalists say that informal social order is produced through the†¦show more content†¦The bourgeoisie maintain this by being the creators of dominant ideas of each era and so remain in control of the economy and in power. Marxist criticizes the functionalist’s explanation of ‘value consensus’ because they don’t believe that there is one set of values in society. Marxists say that people in the working class live in a state of ‘false consciousness’ because they are so influenced by the dominant class that they don’t see the extent to which they are being exploited. Marx says that there are two ways that the Bourgeoisie control society: Repressive State Apparatus and Ideological state apparatus. Repressive State apparatus is ruling by force through the use of the Army, Police, Courts and Jail. On a deeper level the Territorial Army and Death. An example of this is the case of Ian Tomlinson who collapsed and died during the G-20 summit protests. Tomlinson was not a protestor nor was he giving any grief or disrespect to the police. So when video footage was released showing Tomlinson being struck by a policeman with a baton it became clear that this was now a criminal investigation. When Tomlinson was struck he had been walking away from the police with his hands in his pockets. Harwood, the policeman in question, pleaded not guilty to manslaughter and was acquitted a year after theShow MoreRelatedMarxism (Sociology)2205 Words   |  9 PagesAQA AS/A SOCIOLOGY ESSAY: CRITICALLY EXAMINE MARXIST PERSPECTIVES ON TODAY’S SOCIETY Classical Marxism is a conflict structural theory which argues that, rather than society being based on value consensus as functionalists would co ntend, there is a conflict of interest between different groups (social classes) because of the unequal distribution of power and wealth. Marxists are also interested in the way in which social change can occur, particularly in sudden and revolutionary ways. However, thereRead MoreTheories Of Sociology : Functionalism And Marxism Essay1894 Words   |  8 PagesThis essay will aim to outline and criticise two critical theories of sociology: Functionalism and Marxism; while exploring their approach towards education in society. As a result, reaching a conclusion that is able to suggest and explain which of these perspectives offers the most accurate analysis of this area. First emerging in the nineteenth-century Europe, the Functionalist approach is a variant of Structuralism and was heavily influenced by Emile Durkheim (Haralambos Holborn, 2008, pp.Read More Karl Marx Essay1742 Words   |  7 Pagesphilosopher stands out amongst the crowd, and that person is named Karl Marx (1818-1883). In this essay I aim to explore and critically assess his ideas, theories, and studies in his contribution to sociology, and if his ideas, theories and studies are useful to this contribution to sociology. Sociology began in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in Western Europe. Around this time, the political and economic systems in Europe were changing. Things like the Monarchy, (which was the rule ofRead MoreThe Marxist Theory Of Law1348 Words   |  6 Pagesthe fundamental theorists of marxism, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber who have been profoundly compelling in identifying and developing the sociology of law. Although many believe that their theories expand upon each other, others contend that the ideas of Marx, Durkheim and Weber are simply repeated in different words. The Supreme Court Cases of Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger are prime cases of how Marx, Durkheim and Weber viewed the sociology of the law. It is necessary toRead MoreMarxist And Conflict Theories Of Deviance Essay1580 Words   |  7 Pagesthis chapter surroung Marxist and conflict theories do not always agree on all the views of their theories, they come from the same social constructionist or relativist perspective. Social construction is referred to as a theory of knowledge in sociology and communications theory that examines the development of cooperatively constructed understandings of the world. There are two general ways in which theories differ from each other, the first is their definition of power. Marxists focus on the politicalRead MoreSocial Analysis Of Marxist And Marxist Theory1660 Words   |  7 Pageshow it affected the Marxist tradition to be a fascinating subject matter. While researching the kinds of social analysis that were used in the formation of Marxist theory I found that Karl Marx and his predecessors concentrated less on the role sociology plays in society and concentrated more on issues of class struggle and how it affects the formation of society. I believe that their focus on class struggle is because it feeds into the idea of reforming society in a more fair and just manner. Read MoreKarl Marx And The German Political System1427 Words   |  6 Pagesor zero contribution to philosophy and all he did was rip off Georg Hegel’s work. Karl Marx’s theories have been influential and played a significant role in modern day communism and socialism’s developments. Marx was a founding father of modern sociology and his analysis of religion is probably one of the most notorious in expressing the beliefs in a religion or not. Marx analyzed religion from a general and scientific standpoint and spoke of religion in a way that made people question if his theoryRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto Marx And Engels855 Words   |  4 Pagesconsidered classes, these may have been strata or elites that were not based solely on economic factors like that of priesthood, knights, or military elite. Marx s theories about society, economics and politics, which are collectively known as Marxism, argue that all society progresses through the dialectic of class struggle. He was heavily critical of the current socio-economic form of society, capitalism, which he called the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie, believing it to be run by the wealthyRead More Marxist Theory and Oedipus the King Essay1339 Words   |  6 PagesSources Cited Fish, Thomas E. Critical Summary of Literature and History. Marxism and Literary Criticism. U of California P, 1976. 1-19. Rpt. in Contexts for Criticism. Ed. Donald Keesey. 3rd ed. 25 Oct. 2000 http://www.cumber.edu/litcritweb/theory/eagleton.htm. Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels. The Communist Manifesto. Trans. Paul M. Sweeny. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1998. Rideneir. The Sociology of Knowledge. Marxist Theory of Class Struggles.1 Nov. 2000 http://raven.jmu.edu/~rideneir/dss/indexRead More The Decline of Aristocracy in The Communist Manifesto Essay972 Words   |  4 Pagesworking class, which would rebel against its exploitation and eventually bring about the creation of a middle class. Marx wished to emancipate the Proletariat and ultimately develop a class-consciousness, which respects the lower class. â€Å"In Marxism the division of society into classes is determined by position within the process of production.†7 The goal was to eliminate the property of all individuals, because private property is what keeps the Proletariat enslaved. The Bourgeoisie dominated

Conceptual Framework Accounting and Reporting

Question: Discuss about the Conceptual Framework for Accounting and Reporting. Answer: Introduction Accounting theories refers to the pre defined methodologies and various assumptions that applied in application of financial reporting principles. Accounting theories help in reviewing the accounting practices and how accounting practices are changed to add in the regularity framework that governs the financial reporting. Every organization must follow the accounting theories in order to serve all the mandatory requirements of the financial reporting. Failure to follow the accounting theories will lead to accounting issues and at last complete failure. Such an incidence has happened with the Dick Smith and it led to the complete failure of the organization. In this report, there will be discussion of what are the accounting issues that led to collapse of Dick and who are the shareholders that are impacted by this collapse. Discussion of accounting theories that is being affected and that clearly demonstrate actions of Dick Smith management. Review of Dick Smith Failure Accounting issues that led to collapse of Dick Smith On the basis of report by the McGrath Nicol liquidators that highlighted the accounting issues that led to failure of Dick Smith. Such accounting issues are well in the industry as Real activities management. There are many wrong accounting practices done by the management of Dick Smith that impacted the organization net worth and there was point where the net worth is below the total liabilities. It has been reported that there has manipulation of sales figures and stock inventories (Malley, 2016). Management at Dick Smith is involved in showing the high revenue despite of very low sales. According to the report, major part of reserves has been used to purchase the excessive amount of inventory in order to expand the stores rapidly. Bank loans and rebates taken from suppliers have influence on purchasing decision of managers. It can be said because in year 2014-15 there was earning before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization of $72 million but after excluding rebates and sub sidies the earning figure comes to EBITDA loss of $119 million (Keall, 2016). So it can be clearly said that treatment of rebates in the accounting procedure can be the major issue that led to failure of Dick Smith. The accounting standard Revenue Recognition has been exploited in the case of Dick Smith as there was huge alteration in the earnings due to treatment of rebates (Malley, 2016). The auditing firm Deloitte was also in question on the treatment of non earning elements in the financial statements. The private equity owner (Anchorage Capital) in Dick Smith, earned higher profits when firm was listed at AHX and this point can be said as the turning point in the mystery of the failure of Dick Smith (Malley, 2016). The owners at Dick Smith are attracted towards the IPO and they have expectation to earn more through rapid expansion. This built the pressure on the management to purchase excessive inventory and rest is history (Keall, 2016). Impact on Stakeholders due to collapse There has been huge impact on the Stakeholders due to collapse of Dick Smith. Stakeholders are those who have interest in the success of the business and they are highly influenced due to takeover or merger. Stakeholders are those who are impacted by the management decisions and in addition to shareholders themselves, creditors, employees, customers and communities are severely impacted by the liquidation of Dick Smith. Shareholders are those who invest in the shares of the company to get some part of ownership and they are in expectation of good dividends and best value for their investment (Menicucci, 2014). After collapse of Dick Smith, market value of Dick Smith crashed on the floor and no dividend was paid by the company. Employees refers to people that are involve in day to day activities at the organization and are responsible for the welfare of the organization. Their contribution to the organization are more valued and respected by the management. There are more than 3300 employees in the Dick Smith who are totally dependent on the salaries they received from Dick Smith. On the collapse of Dick Smith all these employees are severely impacted due to unemployment. There are around 2.1 million $ are due to paid to the employees that will cleared in this calendar year. Customers and Communities are the ones that need to be satisfied by the organization. Ability to meet the customers wants are the key success to any business (Pratt, 2010). Customers provide revenue to the organization that helps management to operate the business efficiently. Dick Smith fails to fulfill the customer demands as they do not persists with changing demand and proper supply of required products. Management at Dick Smith has invested quite a huge amount on the supplies that are no longer in demand and have low worth as estimated. This turn into low demand and high supplies at Dick Smith and there is shortage of earnings to fulfill the current and future objectives (Britton Alexander, 2004). Suppliers also impact the business through taking active role in decision making. In case of Dick Smith, it can be said that suppliers are main players who forces the management to manipulate the decisions regarding the purchasing of inventory (Stolowy Lebas, 2006). Dick Smith has received quite a huge amount as rebate from the suppliers and it has affected the decisions taken by the management. Suppliers have suffered a huge loss due to wide up of Dick Smith as million of dollars stands credited in the books and also suffered a loss of valued customer. Management role at Dick Smith and what motivated them to manage as they likely to do On the plain reading of article on Dick Smith it can be implied that management have taken many wrong decisions that led to failure of Dick Smith. The private owners at Dick Smith are overwhelmed by the success on the listing of the company at Australian Stock Exchange. They received quite a huge profit on listing the shares and they were looking for profits through expansion of company rapidly. As per the article it is clearly seen that massive purchasing of inventory and costly expansion are the main cause of failure. Management was forced to purchase inventories at large scale without inspecting the actual requirements and future changes in the inventory list (Bonham, 2008). Private owners were in view that rapid expansion of business will lead to more growth as in year 2013 when listing of shares has been done. On inspection it has been found that either of expansion plans was reviewed by the auditors and it cause to purchase massive stock that are not required in the market. Major accounting issue was that the entire inventory was overvalued as it was valued in the market. As per the report by the market investigator rapid clearance sale was required to keep with the cash requirements in order to finance the current and future needs of business. Management fails to keep the required cash and cash equivalents that cause the company to go under liquidation (Greuning Koen , 2001). Accounting Theories that explains the actions of Dick Smith Management There are various accounting theories that explain the relationship between the company and its stakeholders. In the case of Dick Smith, positive accounting theory explains more about the actions of management at Dick Smith. Positive Accounting theory is concerned with the accounting practices. It is highly linked with the management actions and how they impact the stakeholders. It explains and predicts which organization will or will not uses a particular method for accounting practices. It does guide which method to be applied but highly concerns with the action of management on the organization (Weygandt, Kieso, Kimmel, 2010). Agency theory explains more about the positive accounting theory and it helps to understand the relationship between the shareholders (principles) and managers (agents). According to this theory managers perform to increase the wealth of organization and promote the stakeholders needs. Agents are responsible to enter into such contracts that are beneficial for the stakeholders. Agency theory defines the different models of corporate governance. According to this theory, it is duty of board of directors to act for the best interest of the company shareholders (Staubus, 2013). In the case of Dick Smith, managers had to perform to increase the company performance and to satisfy the needs to company owners. As per the report, managers fail to comply with the agency theory and this ultimately results in collapse of company (Greuning Koen, 2001). Managers have purchased the inventories that are not required to be purchased and this action reduces the reserve capital with the Dick Smith. Stakeholders are not benefited with action of company and company goes under complete wind up. Discussion of accounting theories There are two accounting theories that are clearly relates with the business activities. These two theories are positive accounting theory and other is normative accounting theory. Positive accounting theory as discussed above is related to real life occurrence of accounting transactions and it focus is on how management address the accounting treatment of various transactions. On the other hand, normative accosting theory tells the accounting policy makers on what should be done to confer with the accounting theoretical principles (Macve, 2015). In simple terms, normative theory starts with the theory and with specific policies whereas positive theory starts with the specific policies and ends with the management accounting principles. On the basis of analysis it can be said that positive theory is more important than normative theory as positive theory is related with the real life transaction and it impacts large number of people (Kieso, Weygandt Warfield, 2010). Conclusion On the basis of above discussion it can be said that management role is most important for the organization success. They work as agent for the company owners and they are wholly responsible for every act they perform to complete various activities in the organization. In the case of Dick Smith it can be said that one wrong action of management regarding the purchase of excessive inventory leads to collapse of Dick Smith. Bibliography Bonham, M. 2008. International GAAP 2008: generally accepted accounting practice under international financial reporting standards. Wiley. Britton, A. and Alexander, D. 2004. Financial Reporting. Cengage Learning EMEA. Greuning, H. Koen, M. (2001). International Accounting Standards: A Practical Guide Other World Bank Bks. World Bank Publications. Keall, C. 2016. Five serious questions about Dick Smith collapse. [Online]. Available at: https://www.nbr.co.nz/opinion/five-serious-questions-about-dick-smith-collapse [Accessed on: 4 September, 2016]. Kieso, D., Weygandt, J. and Warfield, T. 2010. Intermediate Accounting: IFRS Edition. John Wiley Sons. Macve, R. 2015. A Conceptual Framework for Financial Accounting and Reporting. Routledge. Malley, A. 2016. Dick Smith collapse raises more questions for accounting profession. [Online]. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/business/retail/dick-smith-collapse-raises-more-questions-for-accounting-profession-20160721-gqagz5.html [Accessed on: 4 September, 2016]. Menicucci, E. 2014. Fair Value Accounting: Key Issues Arising from the Financial Crisis. Springer. Pratt, J. 2010. Financial Accounting in an Economic Context. John Wiley Sons. Staubus, G.J. 2013. The Decision Usefulness Theory of Accounting: A Limited History. Routledge. Stolowy, H. and Lebas, M. 2006. Financial Accounting and Reporting: A Global Perspective. Cengage Learning EMEA. Weygandt, J.J., Kieso, D.E. and Kimmel, P.D. 2010. Financial Accounting: IFRS. John Wiley Sons.

Thick Face Black Heart Summary free essay sample

Heart is the secret law of nature that governs * successful behavior in every aspect of one’s life. † This is the main point that Chin-Ning Chu tries to make through this chapter and it is the underlying point for her entire book. Thick Face Black Heart is a saying that means you are not worried about criticism from others and you are willing to focus on your goal and ignore the costs of achieving your goal. To put it in the authors own words thick face is the shield and black heart is the spear. You can take this philosophy and apply it to many aspects of life. I think that I will use this way of thinking a lot more than I already do after reading this book. If I were a business man I think it would be the best way to run my business because if you only focus on your own success and you are not afraid of failure then there is no way to fail. We will write a custom essay sample on Thick Face Black Heart Summary or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If you let no one and nothing stand In your way and you are willing to do anything to succeed in your own personal endeavors then you will eventually succeed. This may seem to be a selfish or wrong way of thinking but if you really want to succeed you have to be willing to be selfish and take what you fell is yours. Of course this isn’t to say you should do wrong things to achieve what you want but you cant waste time thinking about everyone else’s opinions. To summarize you have to be willing to do anything necessary to succeed and to beat your competition. Andrew Semenza English MO1A TFBH CH 2 Chapter two in Thick Face Black Heart was all about us unlearning the many moral things that have been engraved in our learning since we were children. She goes on to say that thick face black heart is the natural state of our being and that throughout the course of our lives well meaning people have tried to instill there own beliefs and morals on us, trying to shape the way we behave and feel around others. One example she uses is being slapped and knowing when to hit back or walk away. She says, â€Å"there is time to submit to being slapped, and there is time to hit back twice. † She says that most people turn the other check because they have always been taught that violence is bad and not the way to respond to other people. However it is my own personal belief that if you get pushed the right thing to do is push back harder and faster. She goes on to explain that there is neither a right or wrong way to look at this and that the correct route of action is always determined by the circumstances. She goes on to say you have to have good self knowledge and self observation skills in order to overcome the way you’ve be taught to look at things. You must not give your fear to much importance because giving into fear will only lead to failure. In spite of our fear we must be willing to do what we have to do. She claims that the pursuit of pleasure with the avoidance of pain is futile because pain is necessary for a little pleasure. Andrew Semenza English MO1A TFBH CH 3 Chapter three of Thick Face Black Heart is an important one because it discusses the importance of dharma and its relevance to the TFBH mentality. Dharma is the understanding of proper actions in any given situation. It means, â€Å"to act in accordance with ones duty. † She claims that Thick Face Black Heart practitioners are vigorous in pursuing the rightness of their actions, always think, â€Å"What is my Dharma at this moment? I think that the concept of thick face black heart goes hand in hand with having dharma. I say this because if one has the ability to only have their personal goals in mind and the drive to do anything it takes to achieve greatness and are able to show good dharma by trying to always to the right thing for the given situation then you are bound to be a success. If you only focus on perso nal gain and every chance you get you are trying to figure out the right thing to do than you will always be trying to find the right thing to do for yourself. The point I think was made in this chapter is that you need to always be thinking about the best way to do things. This combined with the other aspects of Thick Face Black Heart will lead to great personal gain in any aspect of life that you try to apply this way of thinking to. The only thing I don’t understand is that if dharma is a natural law then but our duties are often determined by others, than how can it be a natural thing. If its natural we wouldn’t need direction to perform tasks?

Sleep Disorders in Children Medicine Essay

Sleep Disorders in Children Medicine Essay Sleep Disorders in Children Medicine Essay Sleep Disorders in Children Medicine Essay Sleep is an intricate neurological state, which has a main function of providing rest and restoring the energy levels of the body. The importance of sleep can be witnessed from the fact that person’s spends a third of his or her live in sleep. It is an active rhythmic neurological process stimulated by numerous areas of the brain. Moreover, sleep can also be a tool for measuring the overall health of a person. Often, healthy individuals tend to sleep well, while people suffering from different medical or mental conditions can experience repeated sleeping problems. Changes in the quantity, quality, as well as the pattern of sleep may lead to the development of sleep disorders. Continuous or regular interruption of sleep also affects the health of an individual. Sleep disorders, also known as somnipathy, can be defined as a medical condition that interferes with the sleep patterns of an individual or an animal. Some deviations can be more serious to the extent that they affect the normal mental, physical, and emotional functioning of a person. The number of cases of sleep- related disorders has been on the rise over the last few years, especially among the students. More than a third of students experience some sleeping problems (Monti, Jaime, and Daniel 33). The disorders are harmful to students’ daily life, so students should go to sleep on time. The current paper reviews the causes, types, prevention, and effects of sleep related disorders among school going children. The Role and Effects of Sleep Loss Sleep is the foundation of behavior and physiology. The scientists divide sleep pattern is into two forms: non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) phases. The alternation between the two occurs at an interval of about ninety minutes, making it between four to five cycles during a night of a normal sleep. Sleep plays a significant role in human life and wellbeing. Even though scientists have not yet found the reason why people need sleep, studies on animals suggests that it is a necessity for survival. In fact, sleep enables the body to repair and rejuvenate. During sleep, most of the body cells exhibit an increased production of proteins, which are necessary for the cell growth and repair of damages from stress and environmental factors, like UV rays. Studies claim that many biochemical and physiological processes take place during sleep, which has made many researchers agree that sleep is crucial for health and wellness. The purpose of sleep can also be seen from a different angle by assessing the impacts of sleep loss on the physiological and cognitive functions of a person. Some of the activities include emotional control, memory, complex thought, and motor response. Apart from the above functions, previous studies have shown that the loss of sleep may have detrimental effects on the immune and the endocrine systems, and may lead to several health concerns such as diabetes, obesity, and hypertension. Moreover, sleep loss affects moods of an individual. In fact, the irritation increases for a person after a sleepless night. Increasing evidence has linked inadequate sleep with anger, sadness, and anxiety. Students and Sleep Patterns Students are more probable to suffer from excessive study pressure, and short sleeping hours, hence may have sleep disorders. Since the sleeping disorders affect the physiological and cognitive functions of a person, such students may show a poor emotional control and decreased memory. The students may also have poor concentration ability in class and will have a problem in learning. The complex thought of the sleep deprived people will also be affected. In most cases, the affected students are likely to choose simple tasks and avoid the difficult ones. The complex thought enables a person to stand up to challenges and develop solutions for complicated challenges. Hence, the sleep deprived person will tend to avoid the difficult tasks when the complex thought is compromised (Hsu et al. 112). Causes of Sleep-Related Disorders The causes of sleep-related disorders are numerous. Although the contributing factors are different, the end result of the sleep-related disorder is that the natural cycle of rest at night and activity at daytime is disrupted or inhibited. The causative aspects of sleep problems include physical disturbances, medical conditions such as asthma, psychiatric disorders, as well as environmental factors. Other recognized causes of sleeping disorders are the changes in the student’s daily schedules, emotional and health conditions, adoption to the adult world, the exam proximity, stress, physical disorders, and lifestyle factors. An alteration in the plan of an individual’s daily schedule may cause some problems in the sleeping arrangement of the person. A shift of a work schedule may be a cause of discomfort. In fact, people who work at night often suffer from sleeping disorders. The reason is that the subjects may not be able to sleep when they feel drowsy due to their responsibilities. Thus, their duties and activities conflict with their biological clocks. The emotional distress, physical illnesses, as well as medical states also lead to sleep problems. The health issues such as asthma causes problems in proper breathing, which in turn interferes with sleep of the individual. Other physical disturbances such as pains from ulcers or other traumas affect the rest cycles, leading to a sleeping problem. Moreover, external issues such as alcohol and other substance abuse cause sleep-related problems. Moreover, substance abuse can result in other conditions like delirium tremors that include sleep loss as a symptom. The most significant causes of sleeping disorders in students are the psychiatric or psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety. The conditions generally result to stress, which is one of the main reasons why students develop sleep-related problems. The students might be anxious because of proximity of an exam, or they may be depressed due to the unsatisfying exam results. In fact, the proximity of an exam may force the students to change their rest-activity patterns, or may reduce the number of sleeping hour by increasing study time. In most of the cases, sleep problems are temporary, but they may last for a long time. Moreover, other causes of sleep-related disorders are genetics and aging. Researchers have found that narcolepsy, a brain disorder of sleep regulation that interferes with the control of sleep and wakefulness is genetically predisposed. Store (76) confirms that persons over the age of sixty five experience some sorts of sleep challenges or even disorders. The primary sleep disorders are caused by disturbance in mechanisms related to sleep-wake generating and timing, which may be either dyssomnias or parasomnias. Dyssomnias are related to the quality, amount or timing sleep disfunctioning. Parasomnias are associated with the unusual experiences or behaviors that occur during sleep. The conditions and the psychological events may interfere with certain processes of normal functioning, leading to a disruption of sleep-wake cycle transition. In general, most of the sleep disorders relate to another mental condition, which may medically, environmentally, or substance induced (Monti, Jaime, and Daniel 37). Generally, the indications of sleep disorders differ from one disorder to another. Most of the disorders include the symptoms listed below. Lack of the ability to fall and stay asleep at night and persistent daytime sleepiness are correlated contributing factors. Also, loud snoring sounds during sleep disrupt the rest cycles. Sleep doses, or unintended episodes of falling asleep are another factor leading to sleep disorders. Loss of muscle control or inability to move during sleep affects the organism functioning. Finally, abnormal behaviors such as sleepwalking or sleep terrors are a major issue for people. Individuals are encouraged to discuss any sleep-related problem they may experience with a neurologist or any primary care provider because the symptom often might be caused by an underlying medical condition. The neurologist will be able to diagnose and assist in managing the disorder. Diagnosis of sleeping disorder entails an evaluation of the symptoms by the neurologist, in addition to some tests such as daytime sleepiness. Keeping of sleep history is also important in the process of diagnosis. Types of Sleeping Disorders There are more than a hundred recognized sleep disorders as per the international classification manual. However, the most common sleep problems are divided into three main groupings including disorders that produce insomnia, disturb sleep, and cause daytime drowsiness. They are grouped into insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, restless legs syndrome, sleepwalking, and sleep-related disorders. The types are discussed below in detail. Insomnia Insomnia is the most prevalent sleep issue across the general population. It describes as the inability to fall asleep for a sufficient time to give a feeling of being rested or refreshed the following day. Insomnia can be viewed as constitutional in nature, but evidence has shown that it can develop due to psychiatric problems, including depression or substance abuse if untreated. In fact, depression can cause insomnia, while insomnia can also cause depression. Individuals suffering from sleep condition experience a general increase in arousal and secretion of cortisol. Treatment of insomnia requires medication usage, and there are several pharmacological choices available. Among the chemical treatment choice, the benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepines are the most approved. Treatment of insomnia can also be done by addressing the underlying problem, especially by use of medication. Finally, cognitive behavioral treatment, although time consuming, may also be successful if properly strategized (Roth and Thomas 32). Sleep Apnea The condition is one of most prevalent sleep disorder, in which breathing momentarily stops during sleeping due to the obstruction of the upper respiratory system. The blockage may be a consequence of a fall in the blood oxygen. The halts in breathing interrupt sleep, resulting in many awakenings in the night. Although most people with sleep apnea do not remember the awakenings, they will experience exhaustion during the following day. Moreover, the condition also causes irritation and depression, and reduces productivity. Sleep apnea is a warning light of a possible presence of a cardiac condition or type 2 diabetes. The disorder is serious and life threatening illness; hence should be addressed as soon as possible. Symptoms include loud persistent snoring, regular choking during sleep, exhaustion during the day, chest pain, and nasal blockage among others. A sleep disorder test polysomnography is used to confirm the diagnosis of apnea and to measure the seriousness. Narcolepsy The neurological disorder affects one in two thousand persons. It is symptomized by a propensity to fall asleep during the day, despite having sufficient amount of sleep in the night. The other symptoms include sudden short attacks of muscle weakness, hypnagogic or hypnopompic hallucinations, automatic behavior, and sleep paralysis. The study of narcolepsy has revealed that wakefulness and sleep are not equally distributed states; and that one state can encroach into the other, normally resulting in striking consequences. Narcolepsy is genetically predisposed, although environmental factors can also trigger the condition. Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) RLS is a sleep disorder causing a stout, mostly irresistible desire to move one’s legs accompanied by tingling and uncomfortable sensations. The condition causes a problem in attaining proper sleep and maintaining it. It results from prolonged sitting or lying down. The discomforts of RLS occur particularly during the transition from wake to sleep. Although it cuts across all ages, RLS is more common in older adults and is more prevalent among women than men. Development of RLS is caused by several medical problems including renal disease, RA, and other illnesses. Research has also found that it is genetically predisposed; and the fact explains why RLS is often seen to run in families. Treatment varies with intensity, ranging from massage to pharmaceutical medication. The majority of the cases respond to benzodiazepines, anti-Parkinsonian agents, anticonvulsants, and opiates. Treating of the underlying medical condition is paramount. Sleepwalking Sleepwalking happens when an individual seems to be awake, with open eyes, but he or she is actually in a deep slumber. It is more common in children between six to twelve years, but it also affects adults. The duration of episodes varies on individual basis, and patients usually have little or no memory of their undertakings. Sleep-Related Disorders A good number of mental, neurological, as well as other medical disorders are related to disturbances of sleep and wakefulness. The line between physiological and mental is very thin, and they often intertwine. Nearly all mental disorders are related to sleep disturbances. Mood disorders, psychoses, alcoholism, panic disorders, and anxiety disorders are mostly present in patients who have sleep complaints. Also, most psychotic patients suffer from some degree of sleep disturbance across the course of the disease. Degenerative disorders, headaches, and epilepsy are the most common neurological conditions associated with sleep deprivation and disorders. They also include Parkinson’s disease, dementia, and cerebral degenerative disorders (Kim and Woo Sung 173). Moreover, the other medical conditions have presentations occurring during sleep or interfering with the normal sleep cycle. Gastro esophageal reflux, sleep related asthma and nocturnal cardiac ischemia are the examples of the medical conditions that happen during sleep. For example, sleeping sickness is a parasitic disease found rarely in Africa, which presents disturbed sleep cycle with night-time insomnia and daytime sleepiness. Prevention and Treatment of Sleeping Disorders Most of the sleep disorders can be prevented and treated at all stages. Regardless of the advances in the recognition and description of sleeping disorders, a slight progress in prevention, suggestions to personalized care and treatment has been developed. More research is necessary to develop prevention plans, discover more available and affordable diagnostic techniques, establish personalized treatment, and improve the prevailing management. It is estimated that most individuals with sleep disorders misdiagnosed, undiagnosed and insufficiently treated. Furthermore, accessibility to care and treatment is restricted due to the fact that the management of such disorders often requires specialized training, which is costly and time-consuming engagement. There is an unmet necessity for personalized treatment and pocket-friendly methods. The available knowledge and data on sleep disorders provides scientific background for the much needed advances. Generally, sleep disorders can be prevented through various conventional methods. The best approaches are to avoid the known predisposing risk factors, and most importantly is to treat the underlying medical conditions. The importance of programs directed at the community service and public awareness of sleep disorders is a crucial factor in prevention strategy. There should be a close partnership between sleep medicine and basic science which could lead to a positive contribution to medical research and patient management. Treatment of sleep disorders can be achieved either through the use of medications, or by the application of behavioral methods. On the one hand, the medication approach employs neurological-acting drugs, such as depressants, which treat the underlying mental or medical conditions. On the other hand, behavioral treatment employs several techniques like relaxation training, cognitive therapy, stimulus control, sleep restriction therapy, as well as sleep hygiene (Moon and Hwa Sik 267). Sleep disorders are a group of medical conditions that interferes with the sleep patterns of an individual. Some of the disorders can be severe to the degree that poses tremendous effects to the normal functioning of the mental, emotional, and physical components of an individual. There has been a rising trend of sleep disorder cases globally, especially among students. Sleep is very important for life, as it helps the body rejuvenate and rest. Moreover, lack of sleep makes a person drowsy during the day, hence reduces productivity. The biggest problem of most students is that they choose such lifestyle. The amount of sleep that a student gets influences academic achievements and success. Generally, sufficient sleep improves the physical health and mental concentration. On the contrary, lack of sleep increases the chances of various medical conditions including obesity, diabetes, and hypertension. However, the advantageous fact is that most of these disorders can be prevented and treated, whereby treatment can either by use of drugs or behavioral treatment. However, students should not allow the sleep deprivation to reach critical levels, as there is a challenge of accessing the services. Indeed, accessibility to care and treatment is restricted due to the fact that the management often requires specialized training that is a costly and time consuming engagement. In order to address the problem, the stakeholders should work together closely to improve the medical science, so as to increase the quality of managem ent and care given to the individuals suffering from sleep disorders as well as sleep-related problems.

Accused of witchcraft Essay Example for Free

Accused of witchcraft Essay The Crucible (395) , John Proctor (276) , Mary Warren (139) , Elizabeth Proctor (106) , Witch (2) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints ? Parris : Why not? Now there are no spirits attacking her, for none in this room is accused of witchcraft. So let her turn herself cold now, let her pretend she is attacked now, let her faint. (He turns to Mary Warren.) Faint!  Act 3, Page 85  This is when the court first has the idea of getting Mary to prove the other girls are frauds by getting her to pretend to faint. She will not because she is afraid of what the girls will do to her. Or cannot, for fear of the court  This is one of the highest points of tension in the whole play because everything and everyone is focused on Mary, relying on her in one way or another to either tell the truth or to lie. But there is so much pressure on Mary that she can’t say anything. The pressure builds and builds until Mary cracks then Abigail launches a perfectly timed attack. Just when people are confused about whom to believe Abigail turns on Mary and makes them believe her.  The girls turning on Mary is a dramatically effective part in act three. This is because when the girls turn on Mary you feel sorry for her due to the fact she is torn between telling the truth to the court or joining the girls again to prevent them from accusing her.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Mary Warren, do you witch her? I say to you, do you send your spirit out?† Danforth, Act 3, Page 87  When Danforth asks her this question Mary snaps and pushes herself away from Proctor.  Mary Warren, Act 3, page 88  This is when Mary’s delicate relationship with Proctor breaks down and she will no longer cover for him and put herself at risk from being accused by the rest of the girls.  Abigail : (Looking about the air, clasping her arms about her as though cold): I – I know not. A wind, a cold wind, has come. (Her eyes fall on Mary Warren.)  Mary : (Terrified, pleading): Abby!  Mercy : (Shivering): Your Honour, I freeze! Proctor : They’re pretending!  Hathorne : (Touching Abigail’s hand): She is cold Your Honour, touch her!  Mercy : (Through chattered teeth ): Mary, Do you send this shadow on me?  Act 3, Page 87  This is when the girls first start to turn on Mary, she is a very fragile person and when they start to turn on her she doesn’t know what to do. She was used to pointing the finger of accusation not having it pointed at her and on her own she can’t cope. So she betrays the truth and goes back to the safety of the girls and being the accuser not the accused. Mary finally breaks down and accuses Proctor of witchcraft. Fearful for her own life, Mary realizes that the only way to save herself is to accuse Proctor of coercing her into attempting to overthrow the court. In this case the accusation contains some truth: Proctor did force Mary Warren into testifying, yet in this case the purpose is to promote true justice rather than to dispute it.  Elizabeth lying to protect Proctor is a dramatically effective part in act three because there is a lot of tension when Elizabeth is brought into the court. Miller uses dramatic irony when Elizabeth doesn’t know that Proctor has confessed to lechery and that they are testing her to see if Proctor was telling the truth. Elizabeth doesn’t know that it is Abigail that is being tried and so she lies to protect her husband but in fact by lying she is in the eyes of the court proving that her husband is a liar. Miller uses the frustration of Proctor as his wife is lying but there is no way he can tell her that by trying to protect him she is actually getting him into more trouble â€Å"Look at me, to your own knowledge, has John Proctor ever committed the crime of lechery! (In a crisis of indecision she cannot speak.) Answer my question! Is your husband a lecher!†Ã‚  Danforth, Act 3, page 91  You can see by this, that Danforth doesn’t give Elizabeth much choice and practically puts the words into her mouth. By saying is your husband a lecher he leaves her no choice but to say â€Å"no†. What kind of woman would call her husband a lecher in front of a court? â€Å"(There is a knock. He calls to the door.) Hold! (To Abigail.) Turn your back. Turn your back. (To Proctor.) Do likewise. (Both turn their backs- Abigail with indignant slowness) Now let neither of you turn to face goody proctor. No one in this room is to speak one word, or raise a gesture aye or nay. (He turns towards the door, calls.) Enter!  Danforth, Act 3, Page 90  The Audience feel frustrated because all that Elizabeth has to do is tell the truth and Abigail’s ruthless revenge will be stopped and the truth will be brought to light but there is no way Elizabeth could know this so she does what she thinks is the right thing and tries to protect her husband. In this scene Miller uses dramatic irony very effectively. Danforth makes the trial look fair but in fact gives Elizabeth no choice  but to lie.  Danforth : â€Å"Answer my question! Is your husband a lecher!  Elizabeth : (Faintly): No, sir.  Danforth : Remove her, Marshal.  Proctor : Elizabeth, tell the truth!  Danforth : She has spoken. Remove her!  Proctor : (crying out): Elizabeth, I have confessed it!  Act 3, Page 91  This point is the dramatic climax of the whole scene because it is the point where Elizabeth finally finds out what she has done, and she is distraught. Hale tries to reason with Danforth when he says, â€Å"Excellency it is a natural lie to tell† this shows that Hale is the voice of reason but for most of the time he is not listened to, like Proctor who spoken sense throughout – both are shut out in their ways. To save her husband from accusations of witchcraft, Elizabeth must condemn him for lechery. Miller establishes that Elizabeth is an honest woman who never lies, yet at the moment in which her honesty is most critical she chooses the noble yet practical lie that she believes will defend her husband. As Hale notes, it is a natural lie for Elizabeth Proctor to tell, yet an incredibly ill timed one; Elizabeth Proctor chooses dishonesty at the precise moment that her integrity matters the most. Act 3 of ‘The Crucible’ is so effective because Arthur Miller uses a wide variety of emotions for his characters and a good variety of action. One minute the scene can be rather quiet with just simple conversation and the next minute it can be very chaotic with characters hurling accusations and abuse at each other. The reason this play is so effective is because Miller uses moments of calm as well as moments of extreme action, if it was just action, action, action all the time the audience would become immune to it and the really important parts wouldn’t stick in your mind as much. Act 3 is relevant to the play as a whole because it is the Act where a lot of important things happen and it is the most dramatic, with a lot of tension and anger between different characters. It is what the first two acts have been building up to and you could say it is the climax of the whole play.  When Arthur Miller wrote the play, â€Å"The Crucible† in 1953 the contemporary audience could relate to the play due to the media coverage that was occurring at the time. This era was concerned with the political movement of communism; the McCarthy trials. The contemporary audience saw Miller’s play as relevant because of the effects of mass hysteria- the destruction of the community in Salem. Miller felt that the play had relevance although he didn’t write it for that.  The reason why the crucible is still so widely liked even though the witch trials are long gone is because it demonstrates the terrible effects of mass hysteria and what it can do to normally rational people.  The story reminds its readers of an ugly blemish on human history. It reminds us that man is not perfect, and that we can make mistakes. However, even with these mistakes, we can cleanse ourselves and purify ourselves by making right what is wrong. Accused of witchcraft. (2017, Nov 01).

Mountain Dew Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mountain Dew - Essay Example Later named 'Gran'Pappy', he soon became a popular icon in bars, and appeared on several Mountain Dew products and merchandise, lasting for several more decades. In the 1950's the Tip Corporation, the owners of the Mountain Dew brand, distributed the drink all over the Eastern Seaboard. Several bottlers manufactured and distributed Dew, in two different sizes costing 5 and 15 cents respectively, complete with the then-famous label featuring Gran'Pappy the Hillbilly shooting at a man running out of an outhouse. Drowning despite Dew's strong sales, Tip approached Pepsi-Cola in the early 1960's to sell the Mountain Dew brand. However, the product was in direct competition with Pepsi's own lemon-flavored drink- Teem. So, the owners went back to the drawing board- they reduced the amount of carbonation and added more sugar and caffeine, as well as mixing in enough orange juice to remove it from the "lemon-lime soda" category. Thus, Mountain Dew as we know it was born, and Pepsi bought Dew's new brew on September 2nd, 1964. The revamping of Mountain dew as a brand was awarded to BBDO, a global advertising agency. The Ad campaigns were targeted on the youth segment that projected Mountain dew as one of the best brands to stick with. Mountain Dew quickly became Pepsi's second best-selling drink (next to Pepsi itself), and a new advertising campaign featured 'Willy "Gran'Pappy" Hillbilly', along with all his yokel kin, encouraging Dew drinkers to "Yahooooo- Drink Mountain Dew! It'll tickle yer innards!" By the early 70's, however, it was clear that Willy the Hillbilly had run out of steam, so Mountain Dew's image was again redesigned, this time appealing to the young outdoors-type. The bottles were changed yet again to reflect this new attitude; and the public got their first glimpse at the now-famous "wavy" logo, which would grace bottles of Mountain Dew to decades to come. Pepsi has come up low sugar and fat content beverage called "Diet Mountain dew". A Diet Dew was released in 1988; but that was nothing compared to the Dew Revolution of 1990s. It started in 1993, when Pepsi first unveiled its new tagline for Mountain Dew: "Do the Dew". Commercials were produced featuring the 'Dew Dudes', including the award-winning "Been There, Done That" Ad campaign. Mountain Dew was poised to take its place in a new generation branding by sponsoring the first-ever X-Games in 1995. The youth culture embraced the addictive yellow-green potion p. By 195 the sales generated by Mountain Dew was 3billion dollars.4 In 2001, the first-ever Mountain Dew spin-off burst onto the scene- Mountain Dew Code: Red. Combining classic Dew with 'a rush of cherry flavor', it quickly became a hot-seller incold casesacrossAmerica, alongside its older brother. Amp, a Dew-based energy drink, soon followed, and a year later Diet Code: Red was released. The summer of 2003 saw thearrival of the legendary Mountain Dew LiveWire- an orange-twisted Dew variant. It was a hit in its first limited summer release, and returned the next year- along with Mountain Dew: Baja

Sustainability And Energy Efficiency In Housing Essay

Sustainability And Energy Efficiency In Housing - Essay Example ceiling insulation; area of north-facing windows; floor insulation; amount of thermal mass; wall insulation, etc. (Healy, 2004) Traditional and current practice in relation to health and safety issues in energy efficient and sustainable housing Housing and health outcomes have been related for many years, but only recently this interrelation has acquired sufficient support through changing construction techniques. 'Housing sustains and supports human life and thus housing environments directly and indirectly impact on health, social support, absence of disease, quality of life and well-being'. (Givoni, 1976) This is why housing and energy-efficient sustainable housing should be looked at as one of the fundamental parts of the society as a whole. There has been conducted serious research as for the practices in housing and health outcomes. Promoting construction worker and home occupant health is a strong component of sustainable design. Sustaining the health of construction site workers involves choosing less-toxic material alternatives and providing worker training in specialized installation procedures. There are several strategies that are important for addressing the health of home occupants over the long term. These i nclude designs that provide for foundation radon venting in areas where radon is a concern. (Sunnikka, 2000) Energy-sufficient sustainable housing is the notion which includes the role of health of the future residents; for example, in the energy-efficient housing indoor temperatures are stabilized through the use of the adequate thermal mass (Williamson & Bennets, 2002), which ultimately leads to the decrease of the diseases which are directly connected with the rapid changes of temperatures (it is especially relevant... This essay stresses that the interrelation of housing, energy efficneicy, sustainability and health outocomes have acquired additional meaning in the recent years through understanding that the threats of energy and ecological crises should be reduced in every area possible. Housing has become the means of teaching people how to save finances through building and adjusting houses to energy-saving technologies, thus making the environment suitable for living. This paper makes a conclusion that many European and other countries have developed a number of policies in relation to energy efficiency in housing; making it state program and priority for the aims of general health improvements as well as with understanding that energy efficiency should be promoted at the state level to make it work effectively. Such policies include basic requirements to each type of construction and housing stage, starting with the siting of the house, finishing with the position of windows and level of wall and ceiling insulation. Design of sustainable houses is acquiring more popularity; despite stating that new houses are becoming less affordable, and energy saving technologies are too expensive to be implemented across all layers of society, it is understandable, that with the help of various state policies the realization of these aims will become real and will lead to the improved design of houses in general, as well as to higher energy efficiency which is achieved through following basic housing and construction requirements.